Modernising the banking system is an obvious benefit of CBDCs, and the Bank of England has made it clear that keeping pace with the digital economy is a key driver of its own potential plans. But there is some scepticism about whether it would serve a wider need in western democracies with mature banking systems. Problems with financial inclusion are not limited to developing markets – research from the Financial Conduct Authority estimated that 1.3 million UK adults were unbanked in 2019.

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